Everything about Treaty Of San Stefano totally explained
The
Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano was a treaty between
Russia and the
Ottoman Empire signed at the end of the
Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78. It was signed on
March 3,
1878 at San Stefano (
Greek: 'Αγιος Στέφανος,
Agios Stefanos, now
Yeşilköy), a village west of
Istanbul, by Count
Nicholas Pavlovich Ignatiev and
Alexander Nelidov on behalf of the Russian Empire and Foreign Minister
Safvet Pasha and Ambassador to Germany
Sadullah Bey on behalf of the Ottoman Empire.
The treaty also established
Bulgaria as an autonomous principality. March 3, the day the Treaty of San Stefano was signed, is celebrated as
Liberation Day in Bulgaria.
Effects
On Bulgaria
The treaty set up an autonomous self-governing tributary principality
Bulgaria with a Christian government and the right to keep an army. Its territory included the plain between the
Danube and the Balkan mountain range (
Stara Planina), the region of
Sofia,
Pirot and
Vranje in the
Morava valley, Northern
Thrace, parts of Eastern
Thrace and nearly all of
Macedonia (Article 6).
A prince elected by the people, approved by the
Sublime Porte and recognized by the
Great Powers was to take the helm of the country and a council of noblemen was to draft a Constitution (Article 7). The Ottoman troops were to pull out of Bulgaria, while the Russian military occupation was to continue for two more years (Article 8).
On Serbia, Montenegro and Romania
Under the Treaty,
Montenegro more than doubled its territory with former Ottoman areas, including
Nikšić,
Podgorica and
Antivari (Article 1), and the Ottoman Empire recognized its independence (Article 2).
Serbia annexed the Moravian cities of
Niš and
Leskovac and became independent (Article 3).
The Porte recognized the independence of
Romania (Article 5).
On Russia and the Ottoman Empire
In exchange for the
war reparations, the Porte ceded
Armenian and
Georgian territories in the
Caucasus to Russia, including
Ardahan,
Artvin,
Batum,
Kars,
Olti, and
Beyazit. Additionally, it ceded
Northern Dobruja, which Russia handed to Romania in exchange for
Southern Bessarabia (Article 19).
The Ottoman Empire promised reforms for
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Article 14),
Crete,
Epirus and
Thessaly (Article 15).
The Straits — the
Bosporus and the
Dardanelles — were declared open to all neutral ships in war and peacetime (Article 24).
Reaction
The Great Powers were unhappy with this extension of Russian power, and Serbia and
Greece feared the establishment of
Greater Bulgaria would harm their interests in the Ottoman heritage. This prompted the Great Powers to obtain a revision of this treaty through the
Treaty of Berlin, 1878.
Romania, which had contributed significantly to the victory in the war, was extremely disappointed by the treaty, and the Romanian public perceived some its stipulations as Russia breaking the Russo-Romanian prewar treaties that guaranteed the integrity of Romanian territory.
Austria-Hungary was disappointed with the treaty as she failed to expand her influence in Bosnia-Herzegovinia.
Image:SanStefano2.jpg|Annex to the Treaty of San Stefano, showing the change of Serbia's borders
Image:SanStefano3.jpg|Annex to the Treaty of San Stefano, showing the change of Montenegro's borders
Image:SanStefano1.jpg|Annex to the Treaty of San Stefano, showing the borders of the new Principality of Bulgaria
Image:SanStefano4.jpg|Annex to the Treaty of San Stefano, showing the change of the border between the Russian and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus
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